Membangun Ketahanan Terhadap Bencana: Strategi Kebijakan Global dalam Menangani Pengungsi Iklim
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.6.1.10624.120-133Keywords:
Climate refugees, disaster resilience, global policyAbstract
Climate change has emerged as a critical global issue, resulting in significant impacts such as rising temperatures, polar ice melt, and escalating sea levels, which threaten millions of lives. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), approximately 3.3 to 3.6 billion people reside in areas highly vulnerable to climate change. This has led to an increasing number of climate-induced displacements, with millions of individuals—referred to as "climate refugees"—forced to flee due to extreme weather events like floods and wildfires. However, these individuals lack formal recognition and adequate legal protection under current international frameworks. The United Nations projects that up to 21.5 million people could be displaced annually due to climate-related disasters, and urgent action is required. This study aims to analyze the critical gap by examining the status of climate refugees in the international legal framework and the necessary global policy to manage climate-induced displacement effectively to enhance disaster resilience.
References
Ainurrohmah, S., & Sudarti, S. (2022). Analisis Perubahan Iklim dan Global Warming yang Terjadi sebagai Fase Kritis. Jurnal Phi Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Dan Fisika Terapan, 8(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.22373/p-jpft.v3i3.13359
Brown, O. (2008). Migration and Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration. https://doi.org/10.53373/vuls.2023.42.2.037
Budihardjo, R. T. P. (2015). Urgensi Perlindungan Hukum Internally Displaced Person (IDP) Pada Saat Konflik Bersenjata Di Nigeria Pada Tahun 2009 Berdasarkan Perspektif Hukum Internasional. Brawijaya Law Student Journal, (Maret). Retrieved from http://hukum.studentjournal.ub.ac.id/index.php/hukum/article/view/1031
Cholidah, C., & Esfandiari, F. (2022). Environmental Refugees: Study of the Legal Policies of ASEAN Countries on the Phenomenon of Refugees due to Climate Change. SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I, 9(3), 769–782. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v9i3.25843
Costello, Cathryn; Foster, M., & McAdam, J. (n.d.). The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law. Oxford, UK.
Costello, C., Foster, M., & McAdam, J. (2021). The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Draper, J. (2024). Climate Change and Displacement: Towards a Pluralist Approach. European Journal of Political Theory, 23(1), 44–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/14748851221093446
El-Hinnawi, E. (1985). Environmental Refugees. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
Ernawati, S. K. (2024). Strategi Adaptasi Masyarakat Pasca Bencana Alam. Jurnal Kajian Sosial Dan Budaya, 8(1), 9–14.
Feller, E., Turk, V., & Nicholson, F. (2003). Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCRs Consultation on International Protection. In Tilburg Law Review (11).
Fitriyadi, A. A., & Latukau, F. (2020). Diferensiasi Pengungsi dan Pencari Suaka dalam Hukum Pengungsi Internasional dan Hubungannya dengan Prinsip Non-Refoulement. Jambura Law Review, 2(2), 120–138. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v2i2.5400
Gracioi, C., & Becker, L. C. (2022). Climate Migrants and the Limits of Refugee Status. InterAgency Institute, 1(2), 1–6.
Handayani, W., Rudiarto, I., Insani, T. D., Fitri, U. M., & Dewi, R. S. (2022). Ketahanan Iklim Berbasis Masyarakat: Konsep dan Implementasi. Semarang: Yayasan Inisiatif Perubahan Iklim dan Lingkungan Perkotaan.
Hasanah, N. A., Al Farauqi, M. D. A., Amin, K., Rukmana, G. M., Tyas, I. K. D., & Paramitha, D. I. (2023). Peran UNHCR dalam Menangani Climate Refugees India di Asia Selatan. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 8(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v8n1.5
Hiraide, L. A. (2022). Climate refugees: A useful concept? Towards an alternative vocabulary of ecological displacement. Politics, 43(2), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/02633957221077257
Hsiao, J. I. (2017). Climate Refugee and Disappearing States: In Need for a New Legal Regime? Cultural and Religious Studies, 5(5), 268–276. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2177/2017.05.005
Islam, R. (2013). Climate Refugees and International Refugee Law. In An Introduction to International Refugee Law (pp. 1–429). Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004226166
Jolly, S., & Ahmad, N. (2019). Climate Refugees in South Asia. In International Law and the Global South. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3137-4
Lambert, H. (2017). International Refugee Law. In International Refugee Law. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315092478
Legionosuko, T., Madjid, M. A., Asmoro, N., & Samudro, E. G. (2019). Posisi dan Strategi Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim guna Mendukung Ketahanan Nasional. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 25(3), 295. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkn.50907
McAdam, J. (2017). From the Nansen Initiative to the Platform on Disaster Displacement: Shaping International Approaches to Climate Change, Disasters and Displacement. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 39(4), 1518–1546. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2901910
McAdam, J., & Wood, T. (2023). Kaldor Centre Principles on Climate Mobility. International Journal of Refugee Law, 35(4), 483–507. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae003
Merone, L., & Tait, P. (2018). ‘Climate Refugees’: Is It Time to Legally Acknowledge Those Displaced by Climate Disruption? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 42(6), 508–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12849
Nicholson, C. T. M. (2021). Climate Changed: Refugee Border Stories and the Business of Misery. In Journal of Refugee Studies (Vol. 34). New York, USA: Routledge.
Norwegian Refugee Council. (2002). Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey. London, UK: Earthscan Publication Ltd.
Ranjan, A., Kharat, R., Deka, P., Singh, P., & Jha, M. K. (2023). Environment, Climate Change and Migration in South Asia. In Environment, Climate Change and Migration in South Asia. New York, USA: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003367802
Riza Hanafi, M. (2015). Climate Refugee: Tantangan Bagi Tata Kelola Global. Jurnal Transformasi Global, Volume 2 N(1), 36–50.
Silviana, R. (2019). The Role of the European Union in Handling Syrian Refugees. Lampung Journal of International Law, 1(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v1i1.2022
Simonelli, A. C. (2016). Governing Climate Induced Migration and Displacement. In Governing Climate Induced Migration and Displacement. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137538666
Tisnanta, H., Mulkhan, U., Mayaguezz, H., & Kurniawan, B. (2020). Urban Analysis Report 2020. European Union.
Tisnanta, H., Putri, R. W., & Davey, O. (2023). Realizing City Resilience Towards Climate Change and the Correlation with Sustainable Development Goals’ Framework in Indonesia. AIP Conference Proceeding, 2621(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0142496
UNEP. (2012). Briefing Green Economy: What do you mean by green economy? In UNEP (Vol. 66). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjmxaDX0cPzAhX1_XMBHUCgAwgQFnoECAIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fadoc.tips%2Fdownload%2Fbab-2-landasan-teori294074b5647acbc51fc2a7055536b95a44523.html&usg=AOvVaw3tQ8UCQ2stW7nrQ
UNFCCC. (2022). United Nations Climate Change, 2022. In Unfccc.
UNHCR. (2014). The Nansen Initiative. Retrieved from http://www.nanseninitiative.org/
UNHCR. (2024). Focus Area Strategic Plan for Climate Action 2024-2030. (March).
United Nations. Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.
Usman, S., Jayeoba, J. O., & Kundiri, A. M. (2024). Climate Change at a Global Concept: Impacts and Adaptation Measures. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(6), 445–459.
Warner, K. (2011). Climate Change Induced Displacement: Adaptation Policy in the Context of the UNFCCC Climate Negotiations. UNHCR: New Issues in Refugee Search, (May), 22. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4fdf1f4f2.pdf
Yeo, C. (2022). Refugee Law. In Refugee Law. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.56687/9781529219999
Yuliantiningsih, A. (2013). Perlindungan Pengungsi dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Islam (Studi Terhadap Kasus Manusia Perahu Rohingya). Dinamika Hukum, 13(1), 159–170.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ria Silviana, Hieronymus Soerjatisnanta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
