Semantic Structure Verb ‘open’ in Indonesian and Japanese : Natural Semantic Metalanguage

-This study discusses the semantic structure of the verb 'open' in Indonesian and Japanese. This research uses the MSA theory pioneered by Wierzbicka. Data was obtained and collected using the interview method. The results of the findings obtained two categorizations of the verb 'open' in Indonesian and Japanese, they are: a) using tools (by using tools) and b) using hands (by part of body). The semantic structure of the verb 'open' in Indonesian and Japanese is almost similar. Even so, there are several different verbs in the semantic structure, including: meretas ( 開封する kaifū suru), merintis & merambah ( 開拓する kaitaku suru), mementang, membentangkan, membeber, menggelar & menghamparkan ( 広げる hirogeru), dan menyingkap ( 捲る mekuru & はだける hadakeru). The difference in the semantic structure of the Indonesian and the Japanese language occurs due to the cultural characteristics of the two peoples and the different language differences. Thus, it also results in a different mindset in each language.


I. INTRODUCTION
After some time there was no study on the semantics of verbs, but now it is getting the spotlight again (see among others; Ameka & Hill (2020); Bowerman (2005); Levison (1993); Majid et al. (2007); Mulyadi (2003); and Widani, (2017) There are several interesting problems in verb semantic research, such as categorization, semantic meaning, and structure, semantic roles, to comparisons between the two languages to see how far there are similarities and differences at a certain level.Sianturi et al, (2020) said that verb semantics consists of three aspects, namely: 1) Aspects of Verbs, 2) Transitive Verbs, and 3) Verbs of Motion.Furthermore, motion verbs are divided into three parts, namely: 1) State Verbs, 2) Process Verbs, and 3) Action Verbs.
One of the most unique things about language is when the meaning of words is related to culture.Semantically, there are some differences and similarities between BI and BJ words.In other words, if the meaning of a language is interconnected between one language and another, then the two languages can be considered isomorphic.For example, the word 'open' found in Indonesian has a different semantic structure from Japanese.In Indonesian there are verbs MEMBUKA vs akeru 'open' and hiraku 'open' in Japanese.To make it more clear, it can be seen in the following example: 1. a) Setiap pukul 05:00 pagi, ia sudah membuka jendela.(KBBI Daring, n.d.) 'Every morning at 05:00, he already opens the window' b) Mai asa go ji ni, kare/kanojō wa mado o akeru.Verbs 'open' in (1a) and (2a) are acceptable in Indonesian because they are commonly used and can be used with all objects.However, hiraku 'open' can only be used for objects in the form of land, forests, rice fields, and other areas, as in example (2b).The meaning becomes unacceptable if it is used for other objects other than land or area.This is because in Japanese, the verb hiraku 'to open' has semantic characteristics related to nature (see 2b).In Japanese, the verb akeru is used differently from hiraku even though both mean 'to open'.Verb akeru can be used to mean 'open' which is used for certain objects, such as doors, books, packages, windows, and others (see 1b).However, it cannot be used on objects that have semantic properties related to nature (see 2c).Therefore, the semantic structure of the verb can be seen below.
'membuka': a) someone (X)DO something to Y b) because of this, something HAPPEN to Y like X WANT c) X can DO something to any these parts with [...] d) when X DO [...] Goddard (1998) defines movement as a change in place (or distance).One example of movement is opening.Verbs open, for example, the activity of opening the outer shell of 'muku' (peeling), and the activity of opening the expanse of 'hirogeru' (developing) or other activities that can be analyzed from the natural semantics of DO, HAPPEN and WANT. Furthermore, Goddard in Mulyadi (2003) illustrates the relationship between exponents and 'if X does something to Y, then something happens to Y' then the meaning that is in them can also be distinguished using MSA.This study uses the Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory pioneered by Wierzbicka.The set of original meanings is universal, this is caused by basic human thinking in different cultures (Wierzbicka, 1998).These thoughts will find the right meaning when comparing two or more languages.Levison (1993).For other research previously discussed, such as Adhiti (2021); Ana (2017); Dewi et al, (2019); Neale (2015); Syahputra & Sinar (2018);and Wahyuni (2019) still do not show a hierarchy of similarities and differences across languages This is because they only study one language, but in this study, we discuss the similarities and differences across languages from the categorization and meaning and structure of the verb 'open'.
Meanwhile, research on cross-language semantics / comparing the two languageshas also been studied, for example, Ameka & Hill (2020); Goddard & Wierzbicka (2009); Majid et al, (2007); Mulyadi (2012); Neale (2015); Sianturi et al, (2020).The study conducted by Majid discusses the semantic categorization of 28 different languages on Cut and Break words.The results of this study indicate that there are differences in variations across languages and place limits on their categorization.Then the research conducted by Goddard and Wierzbicka discusses cutting and chopping verbs in Polish, English, and Japanese.The results of this study can help in paraphrasing the verb 'cut' in Japanese.Furthermore, Mulyadi's research discusses emotional verbs in Indonesian and Asahan Malay.The results obtained are emotional verbs are divided into stative emotional verbs and active emotional verbs.Then Neale's research discusses the comparison of Japanese and English proverbs.The results obtained are describing the suitability of proverbs from language sources that have doubts in both dictionaries and different language categories.Then, Ameka's research, which discusses the comparison of the verb 'open' in the Ewe language (West Africa) and the Longgu language (Oceanian Islands in the Solomon Islands).As for the results of his research, there is an outline of the complexity of the cross-language 'open' verb.Finally, there is Sianturi's research which discusses the structure and categorization of touching verbs in Indonesian and Toba Batak languages.Respondents were asked to make sentences using the verb 'open', furthermore, there are two categories found in Indonesian and Japanese, (1) Open -using tools, and (2) open -using hands.

Componen
The following is a table of data collection.
Data were analyzed using distribution methods and substitution techniques (Sudaryanto, 2015).The substitution technique is used to perceive the appropriate semantic structure of the verb 'open' in the sentence.The meaning that is discussed is only the denotative meaning.In other words, the verb 'open' is meant only that there is an object in the form of objects, it has nothing to do with time, talk, events, secrets, or activities.

Merintis and merambah ( 開拓する kaitaku suru )
The verb 'merintis and merambah (開拓する kaitaku suru)' is a type of opening event by using an additional tool that has an object of plains, hills, or savanna.Moreover, it only has the goal of paving the way with no desire to live.In Japanese, these two events are matched with the verb 開拓する kaitaku suru.Although they look similar, these verbs are not completely the same.To clarify, consider the following example.

sono nōfu wa kawa ni chika michi o kaitaku suru
Compare the sentences (3a) and (4a) even though the verbs "merintis" and "merambah" in Indonesian look similar but are not the same.This can be seen from the example (3a) where the verb "merintis" the behavior that occurs is to open from the starting point of the forest, while "merambah" can explain both the current event from the starting point of the forest and at the time the event took place.However, in the sentence (4a) the verb "merintis" may not necessarily be used, because the farmer may have paved the way before, so the more appropriate verb is "merambah".In Japanese, to describe this event, there is the verb 開拓する kaitaku suru.Even though it's only one verb in Japanese, it can carry a heavier weight of meaning.In examples (3b) and (4b) the verb 開拓する kaitaku suru can be paired with both words in Indonesian.This means that the verb 開拓する kaitaku suru does not focus on the event of the start of forest clearing activities, but rather on activities and results.Therefore, the resulting semantic structure is as follows The verb "meretas (開封する kaifū suru)" is the activity of opening something using tools, such as a letter knife, pendedel, and scissors.This activity can be to objects such as letters, parcels/packages, or cloth.
"The student open a letter, then made a paper airplane" b. sono gakusei wa tegami o kaifū shite, kami no hikōki o oru.
The verb "meretas" has a more flexible object scope, which can be seen from the example (5a) that is, if it is used on a cloth object, the verb is close to the event "menguraimendedel" (5c) but becomes inappropriate when it is paired with the verb "mengurai".(5e).However, the verb 開封する kaifū suru is not the case.Verb 開封する kaifū suru is limited to certain objects (5b) so that it does not have an affinity with the verb 解れるhotsureru (mengurai) (5d).Therefore, the resulting semantic structure is as follows.Even though they are in the same realm, the verbs 'merintis' and 'merambah' in the previous sentence, have differences from 'meneroka'.The verb 'meneroka' is not just an opening event, but it can also be inhabited by humans (example 6).This is the same as the verb kiri hiraku which has the same purpose and description of events as 'meneroka'.Therefore, the resulting semantic structure is as follows.The verbs 'menggali' and 'melubangi' are prototypes of "membongkar-bongkar" but only refer to the form of the verb, so they cannot be matched in the sentence.It is the same with kaitai suru and ana aki ni suru, which are the prototype form of abaku, so they cannot be matched in these sentences.Therefore, the resulting semantic structure is as follows.

Mengupas (剥くmuku)
The verb "mengupas (剥くmuku)" is one of the opening activities that can use hands (part of body) and tools (using by tools) such as kitchen knives.Uniquely, there are several prototypes of the verb "mengupas" in Indonesian, namely "mengubak" and "menguliti", but there is one verb, namely "mencekah" which has a semantic closeness to "mengupas", while in Japanese it does not have a prototype.Although they are in the same realm, the verbs "mengubak", "menguliti" and "mencekah" are not the same as "menguliti".Consider the following example.The verb "menguliti" refers to objects in the form of animals, while the verb "mengupas" refers to objects of fruits and vegetables.The verb "mencekah" can only be used on mangosteen fruit only, so it is not included in the prototype verb "membuka".The verb "mengubak", specifically for opening with a coconut object.Therefore, a semantic structure is generated as follow.

Mengurai ( 解れる hotsureru)
The verb "mengurai (解れるhotsureru)" is an opening event that can be done in two ways, they are by hand (part of body) and tools (using by tools).The verbs "mengurai" and 解れるhotsureru do not have prototypes.
"in front of the window, the girl untangled her hair" b.Mado no mae ni, ano joshi wa kami o hotsurete iru.
Based on the above sentence, it can be understood that the verbs "mengurai" and 解れる hotsureru have the equation that they can only be used on thin-length objects only.This can be seen in examples ( 10) and ( 11).Therefore, a semantic structure is generated as follows.

Mengembangkan (開け放すakehanasu)
The verb "mengembangkan (開け放すakehanasu)" is the activity of the verb opening using only the hand (part of body) only.The usable objects of the verb "mengembangkan" also have similarities in Indonesian and the Japanese, including collapsible or rolled objects such as doors, windows, umbrellas and boat sails.Consider the following example sentence.12. a. karena udara kamar pengap, Saya jendela dengan lebar.
"because the room air is stuffy, I open the window wide" b. heya no kūki ga nigotte ita no de, mado o ōkiku ake hanashita/??hirogeru.
Based on the example sentences (12a) and (12b) it can be seen that the verb "mengembangkan" has one prototype, namely "membentangkan".
Likewise with 開け放すakehanasu which has a prototype of 拡げるhirogeru.Although similar, the resulting events are not the same.Therefore, a semantic structure is generated as follows.
The verb "mementang, membentangkan, membeber, menggelar, menghamparkan (拡げるhirogeru)" is an opening event using the hands (part of body).Although in Indonesian prototype of the verb "membentangkan" there are five words, it has different events.As for the Japanese, there is only one.Even so, it may contain a deep Mengembangkan ??membentangkan burden of meaning.Consider the following example sentence.In this regard Indonesian and The Japanese have something in common on their semantic events.Therefore, a semantic structure is generated as follows.

Menyelak (捲るmakuru)
The verb "menyelak (捲るmakuru)" is an opening activity that uses the hand (part of body).The verb "menyelak" is also a prototype of "mengungkap" as well as having a prototype of "menyingkap".Although this prototype has a closeness of meaning, it does not mean that the resulting semantic events will be the same.Likewise, the Japanese verb 捲るmakuru, which is a prototype of the verb 開幕する kaimaku suru, has prototypes 捲るmakeru and はだける hadakeru.Although it is a prototype, the resulting events are different.This can be seen from the following example sentence.
15.a.Kita harus tabir itu."we have to open that tabir" b.Watashi tachi wa sono kāten o makurana kereba naranai/??kaimaku suru./??makeru/??hadakeru Based on example (15a) it can be understood that the verb "menyelak" is more appropriate than the prototype verb.It can be seen if the prototype used in the sentence will cause anomalies in the sentence.The objects used are also limited to fabrics apart from clothing, such as tabir or curtains.If an object is used in the form of curtains or clothing, then the verb "menyelak" cannot be used.The object in the form of a tabir is intended to be a shaf separator cloth between men and women.Unlike the case with Japanese, where the verb 捲るmakuru is not tied only to the object of the veil, but can also use curtains which can be seen in the example (15b).This event could have happened due to a different cultural setting.Even so, because the event of the verb 捲るmakuru is the same as the verb "menyelak" it can be matched.Therefore, a semantic structure is generated as follows.Based on examples (16a) that the verb "menyingkap" can be used on two objects, such as clothing, book pages or cards.Then, there will be an anomaly if the verbs "menyelak" and "mengungkap" are used in the sentence.However, the same is not the case with Japanese, where in example (16b) it is different.Although the verbs 捲るmekuru and はだけるhadakeru can be matched with the verb "menyingkap", but because the objects they carry are different, it produces different semantic events as well.Therefore, in Japanese it has more specific events based on the objects used than in Japanese.Therefore, a semantic structure is generated as follows.

IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the previous presentation, it can be concluded that the categorization of the verb "membuka" Indonesian and Japan is divided into two, they are; opening with tools (using by tools) and opening by hand (part of body).The elements contained in the "membuka" verb are DO, HAPPEN and WANT.There are several different verbs in the semantic structure, including: meretas (開封する kaifū suru), merintis & merambah (開拓する kaitaku suru), mementang, membentangkan, membeber, menggelar & menghamparkan (拡げるhirogeru), dan menyingkap (捲るmekuru & はだけるhadakeru).The difference in the semantic structure of the Indonesian and the Japanese language occurs due to the cultural characteristics of the two peoples and the different language differences.

3
. a.mereka harus jalan lebih dahulu agar dapat melewati hutan."They have clear away a small path first to pass through the forest" b. karera ga hayashi o torinukeru tame ni saisho ni michi o kaitaku shinakereba naranai 4. a.petani itu jalan pintas menuju ke sungai."The farmer clear away a shortcut to the river" b.
onions using a kitchen knife" b. okāsan wa hōchō de esharotto o muku 拡げるhirogeru a) X DO something with hand to Y a) X DO something with hand to Y b) Because of this, something HAPPEN to Y like what X WANT b)Because of this, something HAPPEN to Y like what X WANT c) Someone (X) WANT to DO something to one of these Y [...] parts with hand c) Someone (X) WANT to DO something to one of these Y [...] parts with hand d) When X DO this, this [...] part becomes open (from before) d)When X DO this, this [...] part becomes open (from before) e) After this, everyone can see parts inside e)After this, everyone can see parts inside something with hand to Y a) X DO something with hand to Y b) Because of this, something to Y like what X WANT b)Because of this, something HAPPEN to Y like what X WANT c) Someone (X) WANT to DO something to one of these Y [...] parts with their hands c) Someone (X) WANT to DO something to one of these Y [...] parts with hand d) When X DO this, this [...] part moves open (from before) d)When X DO this, this [...] part becomes transplaced(from before) e) After this, X and everyone can see parts inside e)After this, everyone can see parts inside Table 16.Semantic Structure of verbs "menyingkap" and はだけるhadakeru menyingkap はだけるhadakeru a) X DO something with hand to Y a) X DO something with hand to Y b) Because of this, something HAPPEN to Y like what X WANT b)Because of this, something HAPPEN to Y like what X WANT c) Someone (X) WANT to DO something to one of these Y [...] parts with their hands c) Someone (X) WANT to DO something to one of these Y [...] parts with hand d) When X DO this, this [...] part moves open (from before) d)When X DO this, this [...] part becomes transplaced (from before) e) After this, X and everyone can see parts inside e)After this, everyone can see parts inside

Table 5 . Semantic Structure of verb "meretas" and 開封する kaifū suru
1.3.Meneroka ( 切り開くkiri hiraku )The verb "explore (切り開くkiri hiraku)" is an activity to open using tools, such as bulldozers, sickles, and so on.This activity can be done to create a new residence.To make it clearer, consider the following example.6. a.Para transmigran hutan belantara untuk dijadikan kampung."the transmigrants clear away the wilderness

Table 12 . Semantic Structure of verbs "mementang & membeber" and 拡げる hirogeru
Based on the example sentence, it can be understood that the object used is only a curtain that is lifted from the bottom up, whether using a rope or other until it can open.