Malay Interrogative Sentences: X-Bar Analysis

-This study examines the syntactic behavior of question words of malay in the interrogative construction in north labuhanbatu. This study aimed to analyze the question words of all interrogative types in the language. Therefore, the research data cover question words known as word malay in north labuhanbatu which are derived from the relevant literature. The theoretical framework used in this study is the X-bar theory proposed by Haegeman (1992). The data analysis techniques used in this research were distributed methods which use the language element determination tool itself. The results show that the malay north labuhanbatu partial sentence has a grammatical and complementary grammatical function, while the total question sentence has a complement function. Malay question words can be constructed by specifier, complements, and adverbials. The Malay question sentence formed by specifier functions as an internal structure occupied by the NP and joined by I’ to form an IP. Furthermore, the question words formed by complement functions as an internal structure occupied by PP or NP and joined by V to form the first V'. Finally, the question words formed by adverbial functions as an internal structure that can be occupied by PP or NP to join the first V' then form the second V'.


I. INTRODUCTION
One thing that should be brought to everyone's attention is the fact that, despite the fact that the languages of the world unquestionably diverge from one another, there must be certain characteristics that enable the languages of the world to be placed in the same category as human languages.This is something that should be brought up as something that should be brought to everyone's attention.As a consequence of this, there must be some kind of coherence that exists underlying the surface of human language (Umiyati, 2017).
An interrogative sentence is a sentence that gets answers verbally in the form of acknowledgments, statements, reasons, or opinions from the listener or reader and contains interrogative intonation and generally contains the meaning of a question.In written form it is usually marked by a question mark (?) particlekah, and so on (Chaer, 2015in Manshur & Nisa, 2022, Krisdalaksana, 2008;Alwi (2003).
Typically, questions are posed in the form of statements that are referred to as interrogative sentences.In Indonesian, a statement is considered to be interrogative if it includes the question words apa, siapa, berapa, bila, bagaimana, and dimana, either with or without the -kah particle as an affirmation.In English, we would translate these words as who, what, when, where, and how.This marks the beginning of the interrogative statement in a more formal manner.At the end of sentences that ask questions, the question mark (?) is the appropriate punctuation symbol to use.The information provided by Purba, N. (2020), the capacity of a person to communicate with other people through the utilization of a language is one of the most significant elements of that person's existence.In the shape of written language or, in spoken language, with an increasing inflection, particularly if there is no question word in the sentence (or down intonation).The goal of an interrogative sentence is generally one of two things: either to ask the other person or the reader to respond with a "yes" or "no," or to ask for information about something or someone.
There are three ways to form interrogative sentences from declarative sentences, namely (1) by adding the interrogative apa 'what' particle, which must be distinguished from the question word apa 'what', (2) by reversing the word order, (3) and by using the words bukan 'is not', bukankah 'isn't it' tidakkah 'is it'.It is possible to turn a straightforward statement into a question by simply appending the word "what" to the end of it.This turns the declarative statement into a question.It is possible to append the -kah particle to the question particle in order to place additional emphasis on the question that is being posed.It is conceivable that the intonation will be the same as that which is utilized in assertions describing events that have been reported in the news (Moeliono et al., 2017).
The sentences that follow are some examples of interrogative sentences that require a "yes" or "no" response as well as information about something or someone to be given to the other person or reader: times and be able to foster national generations, so that people become dependable and of high quality, with strong characteristics, clear identities, and the ability to deal with current and future problems (Azhar, 2018).
Because the majority of our interactions with other people consist of questioning and being questioned, the interrogative sentence plays an essential role in our day-to-day lives.When we first encounter new people, the first thing that we typically say to them is either "hi, what is your name?" or "how are you doing?"Both of these phrases are examples of interrogative sentences.It is common for people to communicate questions in a variety of ways across languages; as a result, it is possible to say that the construction of interrogative sentences differs from one language to another.There is a high probability that the structure of asking inquiries is unique to the languages that are members of the same language family (Culicover, P.W. 1997;Cheung, C.C. 2013) Research on interrogative sentence in regional languages has been carried out by many researchers.For example, Mukramah & Mulyadi (2021) research shows that the categories of interrogative construction functions in the interrogative construction of the Acehnese language are compliment and complement.The function of complement as interrogative construction is occupied by yes-no interrogative construction, interrogative construction with question words.The function of interrogative construction as a complement is occupied by echo/echo interrogative construction.The type followed is: KT → (Pm) + Spes + I + Komp + Pm + (Spes + I + Komp).
Then, Mulyadi & Zahra (2019) research shows that partial interrogative sentences in the Mandailing language have grammatical specifier and complement functions, while total interrogative sentences have a function as a complement.Mandailing interrogative sentences can be constructed by specifiers, complements, and adverbs.
Furthermore, Mukaro (2012), this study shows that the interrogative sentences in shona have an enclitic, which functions the same as the Chinese interrogative sentence 'ma.'The results of this study contradict the theory put forward by Radford that interrogative sentence displacement is binary so that the preposition does not change.
In addition to this, Fitriyani (2017), In this research, the grammatical function of question words in the Minangkabau language as well as the internal structure of interrogative sentences are dissected and analyzed.In the investigation of this type of interrogative sentence construction, one of the generative syntax subtheories known as X-bar theory is utilized.The interview with a native speaker of the Minangkabau language provides the source of the collected data, which is then analyzed using the distributional technique.The findings of the investigation reveal that the question terms used in whquestions serve two grammatical functions: those of specifier and complement respectively.The question word "iyonyo" only has one morphological function, and that is to act as a complement, when it comes to yes-no questions.The specifier, the complement, and the adverb work together to construct the internal framework of an interrogative sentence in the Minangkabau language.
Another research on the X-bar theory was conducted by Mulyadi (2010) on Indonesian prepositional phrases.This study provides the internal structure of prepositional phrases in Indonesian, which are formed by complements, adverbs, and specifiers.This research produces rules that can be formulated (1) FP = P', Spes; P'= P', Komp, (2) Fp = p', Spes; p'= p', Ket; p' = P, Comp, (3) FP = P', Spes; FP = P', Spec; P'= P, Ket; Y= P, Comp.Furthermore, Xiaoting and Jixin (2016).The primary objective of this research is to perform an analysis and make a comparison of the syntactic characteristics that are present in the configuration of interrogative sentences in the Chinese language and the English language respectively.The interrogative construction can be approached within the framework of the Minimalist Program with reference to the yes/no question and the wh-question; furthermore, the research can validate the principle universality and parametrical differentiation from the perspective of feature-checking in the two different languages.
In interrogative configuration, the parameters of strength or weakness in the C-node contribute to checking off the features explicitly or covertly, and as a result, account for the differentiation between the interrogative in the two languages.
Furthermore, Channa (2021), This study aims to highlight the mixing and switching of codes of English into Urdu through Chomsky's xbar theory and to clearly provide the mixing and switching point at the syntactic level.The objective of this study is to highlight the mixing and switching of codes of English into Urdu.Urdu prepositional phrase is mostly identical to English prepositional phrase from syntactic point of view; however, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs match with surface word order of both the languages in context.In contrast, Spanish and English code mixing is not possible in Urdu due to the fact that Urdu prepositional phrase is mostly identical to English prepositional phrase from a syntactic.The shifting of the verb in Urdu always follows the derivational suffix (see Bokamba, 1988) of Urdu infinitive ‫کرنا‬ (Kәrna) transformed to suffix ‫کرتا‬ (Kәrta:) and ‫کرتے‬ (Kәrt eː) and auxiliary ‫ہونگیں‬ (ho:ngĩ:), ‫ہوگا‬ (ho:ga:), ‫ہو‬ (ho:), ‫ہے‬ (ha:), ‫تھے‬ (tha:), ‫تھا‬ (tha:), ‫تھیں‬ (thĩ:) etc. Due to the fact that both English and Urdu follow almost exactly the same principles, adjunct from English is also mixed into Urdu.
Another research Nurmala and Mulyadi, (2022).Using X-Bar theory, the purpose of this investigation is to identify the components that comprise the interrogative statements used in the interrogative construction of the Javanese language.When constructing a statement with an interrogative construction, the reader must respond with a yes or no or provide additional information.The interrogative construction in Javanese will serve as the focus of this investigation.The questions asked in Javanese were used to compile the data that was received.The descriptive qualitative technique is the one that was used.The process of data analysis consisted of condensing the data, displaying the data, and drawing implications from the data.The findings of the research led the researchers to the conclusion that the position of the functional category of interrogative sentence resides in the position of the specifier, complement, and complement.This finding pertains to the interrogative construction in Javanese.Complementary locations are occupied by direct question words that can be answered with yes or no and by echo questions.Direct question words that need responses, such as question words, ing endi (where), and kepriye (how), occupy positions as complements.These question words include ing endi and kepriye.In the meantime, words that function as direct questions and demand responses, such as the question words sapa (who) and kapan (when), take up space in the position of a specifier.
The Malay language in North Labuhanbatu has question words that form Question sentences, like Indonesian.The author will review more profoundly using the X-Bar theory.This study aims to analyze interrogative sentences in Malay using the X-Bar Theory.In this research, the writer uses this theory to analyze or test the structure of interrogative sentences in North Labuhanbatu Malay.X-bar theory is an advanced theory of Generative Grammatical Transformation which aims to divide grammatical elements systematically into one complete sentence.
Interrogative Sentence is questions of content, as opposed to 'yes/no' questions.Interrogative sentences as questions involve question words (of several types and require a more specific answer than just 'yes/no'.The interrogative sentences used are usually like what, which, where, when, who, and why.In this list, how is also included because it exhibits the same syntactic behavior as question words starting with wh- (Radford, 2004;Ferreira, 2003).The X-bar theory is discussed in the overwhelming majority of the most recent scholarly work published on grammar.Syntactic characteristics are going to be identified as a result of this.It contends that all of those languages share certain structural similarities among their phrasal categories, which do not appear in conventional English grammar.These structural similarities do not appear in conventional English grammar.In the year 1970, Noam Chomsky was the one who first proposed the X-bar theory, and Ray Jackendoff was the one who later developed it further in the year 1977.The X-bar theory is a theory that analyzes the construction of phrases, as stated by Culicover (1997:134).
To put it another way, it is a hypothesis concerning the components that could constitute a sentence in natural language.Specifically, the phrase in question is conceivable.When conducting an analysis of a particular utterance, particular categories are designated to be denoted by the letter X, which is used to signify different sections of speeches.Because of this, the X may transform into a noun, a verb, an adjective, or a preposition.These are the various scenarios that could occur.The term "X-bar" comes from the musical notation that symbolizes this new structure.X-bars have become increasingly common in recent years.A few distinct kinds of buildings are represented by the letter X in this context.(an X with an over bar).Due to the reality that it is difficult to typeset, it is customary to write this as X' instead of the proper form.When this is, however, uttered in English, it is still understood to mean "X bar." The X-Bar theory is part of Government and Binding Theory which describes the structure of phrases in the inner structure of sentences GB Theory is an advanced theory of the theory of Generative Grammar Transformation (TGG) grammar which aims to provide a systematic description of language sentences by proposing an analysis grammar is very necessary to get an excellent grammatical description.The X-Bar theory explains what is expected in the structure of phrases.In X-Bar theory, all phrases are dominated by one lexical core.In traditional linguistic terminology, all phrases are endocentric (Haegeman, 1994).In this sense, a phrase is a projection of its essence or head.The core marks its category feature.For example, the core of FN is a noun, the core of FV is a verb, the core of FA is an adjective, and so on (Hagemen, 1994).
In general, in all types of interrogative construction, it is stated that the speaker uses it intending to obtain information from the source (Siemund, 2001).The sentence structure is adopted from the rules set in the phrase structure.The complement combines with I (Inflection) to form an I-bar (I') projection, and the specifier combines with Ibar to form the maximum FI projection (Haegeman, 1994:114).The structure will be the schematic and tree diagram (1b) depicted below.The structure of the interrogative construction is dominated by the maximum FI projection and a higher projection, namely the FPm (Complementary Phrase) projection.The structure becomes schematic (2a), and the tree diagram is depicted (2b).
Then, Haegeman (1994: 297-298) explains that interrogative sentences are divided into five classes, namely (1).direct yes-no questions (sentences ask directly yes-no), (2).echo questions (echo/echo questions), (3).direct whquestions (sentences asnowly with question words), (4).indirect yes-no questions (indirect yes-no questions), (5).indirect wh-questions (indirect question sentences with question words).The following is an example from Haegeman (1994) regarding applying the X-Bar theory in English interrogative sentences.Based on the above scheme, the sentence structure with words based on the X-Bar theory requires displacement according to the original structure or declarative form.For example, in sentence (3) is the original structure of the interrogative sentence in sentence (4), so will in Inflection (3) experiences a shift to C from the CP projection (4), and Hercules Poirot as the object in the sentence (3) is replaced with the question word whom in the sentence (4) the function has also experienced a shift from originally functioning as NP to [Spes, CP].The displacement of each element is marked by the presence of the same index.

II. METHODS
This study applies descriptive methods that are closely related to qualitative methods and the characteristics of natural settings.Descriptive method is used with the sconsideration that this study focuses on the characteristics and nature of language naturally (natural language) as well as the reality of language as it is empirically still alive in the use of the language concerned.The data in this study are question words of Mlay of North Labuhanbatu.This study aims to analyze the question words of each interrogative type.The research data in the form of question words in Malay of North Labuhanbatu in the language.
The data analysis model used in this study is the model of distribution.The distribution method uses the determinant of the language element itself such as words (prepositions, denials, adverbial), syntactic functions (subjects, objects, predicates), clauses, syllables, and so on (Sudaryanto, 2015: 15).In this study there are 20 data in the form of question words that mark each type of interrogative sentences and have a variety of patterns, including question words which can correlate with various syntactic categories such as words, phrases, or clauses.
The X-bar theory is the one that is employed in the process of data analysis and identification.This is due to the fact that the X-bar theory is a general theory that can be applied to any language in the world.In order to provide an accurate function for each category of words, the X-bar theory can be used to describe a specific tree diagram, regardless of whether the diagram is displayed in phrases or clauses.This can be done in order to describe the diagram.In addition, the X-bar theory has never been utilized in the process of evaluating an interrogative statement formulated in the Malay language in the past.
This research was conducted in North Labuhanbatu Regency (Labura),, a regional autonomous region that still in the developmental stage of development with the capital city of Aek Kanopan.The people of North Labuhanbatu district are heterogeneous communities of various ethnic groups, including Batak, Javanese, Acehnese, and Malay.One of the exciting things about this area is language.The language used by the community, in general, is the Kualuh Malay language, which originates from the coastal communities of the Gunting Saga river.Kualuh Malay is used as a language of communication by almost all levels of society in their daily activities.Moreover, the Kualuh Malay language dominates as the language of instruction in the daily activities of the people of North Labuhanbatu, which is used by almost all ethnic groups in the region.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This study found functional categories of question words of Malay in North Labuhanbatu, which form interrogative constructions, referring to complements (Komp) and complementary (Pm).

Complement
Complement is an internal argument located in an interrogative construction structure directly subordinated to the bar inflection and functions to realize lexical properties.The position of the complement in the Aceh language interrogative construction is to the left, attached to the core of the phrase.In interrogative constructions, the presence of a complement is mandatory.In other words, if there are no complements in the interrogative, then the structure that is formed becomes ungrammatical.The compliments that form the interrogative constructions of the Acehnese language are occupied by FV and combined with question words in the categories FN, FP, FA, and FNum.The question word, which functions as a complement, comes from the echo/echo interrogative construction type.Structurally, the complement function is filled by the predicate and the arguments that follow it, namely objects and descriptions.
In Malay, a simple interrogative construction is formed when a complement of specifier categories accompanies the Inflection.This structure is found in echo/echo interrogative construction types and yes-no interrogative constructions that are constructed like news sentences.This structure's components can be FV, FA, FAdv, and FP.Like the following example: 1. Dimano dio berondok ?'Where is he hiding ?' When viewed from the structure of the interrogative construction, kau lagi ngapoin?Formed by subjectaspectpredicate.Generatively by using the X-Bar theory, the position of your subject is placed by the specifier, the aspect again functions as an inflection, while the question word ngapoin is the object of the predicate doing it, which is implicit, so the question word ngapoin is called complement.So that the question word, why can you replace it with the word sleep in the sentence kau lagi tidor?

Complementary
Complementary (Pm) is an element of a subordinate clause that determines the type of clause that follows it.In interrogative constructions, complements are attached by question word features.The interrogative word, which is in the complementary functional category, comes from the yes-no interrogative construction type and the interrogative sentence with the question word is in front of an interrogative construction object.Question words that occupy the complementary function in interrogative constructions are divided into three characteristics.First, the question word can be omitted but cannot be moved in the interrogative construction structure.Second, the question word can be omitted, and its position moved in the interrogative sentence structure.Third, the question word cannot be omitted, but it can be moved to its position in the sentence structure.
The structure of interrogative sentences in X-Bar theory is related to four grammatical functions, namely complement (Pm), Inflection (I), specifier (Spes), and complement (Comp).As previously mentioned, complements in interrogative constructions are features of question words and include the highest level.Inflection is an element of aspect or modality.Complement is an internal argument whose position is immediately subordinated to the bar inflection, and the presence of the complement is the realization of the lexical category.Meanwhile, a specifier is a subject argument that is immediately subordinated by a double-bar inflection or inflectional phrase.
'Where to hide?' At the level of the interrogative construction of the Malay language in the examples of sentences 2, 3 and 4 even though the question word pat 'dimano' is omitted, grammatically the sentence is acceptable, but if the specifier 'dio' is omitted then the sentence becomes ungrammatical, so the sentence is not thank.
'Go where ?' If the question word 'kemano' is omitted, then the grammatical structure change in example 7 cannot show direction.However, the sentence is acceptable because it has completed the specifier + complement element.Meanwhile, by raising the question word kemano 'kemano', the sentence becomes grammatically and lexically acceptable.
Thus, it can be understood that interrogative words in the complementary category have characteristics and come from different types of sentences.This is illustrated in the following table : total interrogative sentences and partial interrogative sentences.The structure of a partial sentence that begins with a partial interrogative sentence will change from a declarative sentence to an interrogative sentence, like the following example of analysis.
1 Another example of a partial interrogative sentence that can be analyzed using X-bar theory is shown in Figure 3. Based on Figure 3, NP is the complement of VP because it joins V and forms the first V'.VP is the complement of IP because it joins I and forms I'.The word "Father" functions as a specifier because it combines with I' and forms IP.IP joins C to form C`, and then C` forms CP.The question word in Figure 3 functions as a complement.
The analysis in that figure above has specifier and complement functions.It is said to have a specifier function if the question word is placed in front of the sentence because the question word is joined by C` which will form a maximum projection of CP.If the question word is placed at the end of the sentence, it has a complementary function because the question word joins directly with V and forms the first V`.In the diagram, the question word kapan 'when' requires an answer related to time.The type of interrogative sentence in the diagram above is a direct sentence with a question word.
he discussion of the research is based on the results that have been presented.The results of the study show that interrogative sentences in Malay are divided into total interrogative sentences and partial interrogative sentences.The internal structure of sentences in Malay is constructed by specifiers, complements, and verbs.The specifier must be occupied by an NP.Complementary can be occupied by auxiliary, PP, or NP.Adverbs can be occupied by PP or NP.The structure of a partial interrogative sentence has two syntactical representations depending on the position in the sentence.The first representation is as a specifier, when it is placed at the beginning of a sentence.The second representation is as a compliment when it is placed at the end of a sentence.The total interrogative sentence structure has one syntactic representation, namely, as a complement.
Interrogative sentences in Malay have the same structure as Indonesian.This is supported by Mukramah and Mulyadi's research which describes the functional categories of question words and formulates the rules of interrogative construction structure in Acehnese using the X-Bar theory.
The research data are sentences in the Acehnese language originating from native speakers of the Acehnese language.The research method used is the descriptive method using observation or interview methods.This technique is used to find out which categories can be joined by question words in interrogative constructions.The results are shown by the categories of interrogative construction functions in Acehnese language interrogative constructions, namely compliment and complement.The function of complement as interrogative construction is occupied by yes-no interrogative construction, interrogative construction with question words, then the function of interrogative construction as complement is occupied by echo/echo interrogative construction.The type followed is: KT → (Pm) + Spes + I + Komp + Pm + (Spes + I + Komp).
This research also supported by Rahmawati and Subiyanto, (2021).The X-Bar theory is utilized in order to present the comprehensive formulation in order to figure out the structure of adjective phrase.Therefore, this theory is implemented in this study to investigate the patterns of formation of adjective phrases in Bahasa Mentawai and the kind of adjective categories (attributive or predicative) that appear based on the patterns.The purpose of this research is to better understand how adjectives are used in Bahasa Mentawai.The X-Bar theory will be used to illustrate the various forms of the adjective phrase in Bahasa Mentawai, which is one of the languages studied in this research.The statistics were taken from a book that was written in Bahasa Mentawai and contained many sentences in the language.After that, the descriptive-qualitative technique was selected as the approach to take in order to present the findings of the analysis in greater depth.To make an adj and PP, use the pattern FA (AF) à A' à A' + FP (PF).To make an adj and NP, use the pattern FAà A' à A + FN (NP).To make an adj and AP, use the pattern FA à A' à A + A. To make an adj and Adv P, use the pattern FA à A' à Adv' + A. The results display the patterns in an X-Bar pattern.In conclusion, predicative adjectives are the type of adjective categories that are found in Bahasa Mentawai.In this type of category, the adjective serves the purpose of explaining something before it appears in the sentence.

IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the research, it can be concluded the malay north labuhanbatu partial sentence has a grammatical and complementary grammatical function, while the total question sentence has a complement function.Malay question words can be constructed by specifier, complements, and adverbials.The Malay question sentence formed by specifier functions as an internal structure occupied by the NP and joined by I' to form an IP.Furthermore, the question words formed by complement functions as an internal structure occupied by PP or NP and joined by V to form the first V'.Finally, the question words formed by adverbial functions as an internal structure that can be occupied by PP or NP to join the first V' then form the second V'.Further research requires an analysis of the structure of types of interrogative sentences in Malay, not only in total or partial interrogative sentences, in order to provide a deeper understanding of examining the structure of interrogative sentences.
Notes: CP : Complementizer Phrase C : Complementizer IP : Inflectional Phrase NP : Noun Phrase I : Inflection VP : Verb Phrase V : Verb ei : traces left behind eu : index of elements that move.