Intra-Sentential and Intra-Lexical Code Mixing in Nessie Judge’s YouTube Video Entitled “Lagu Populer + Pesan Iblis Tersembunyi”

As a linguistic phenomenon, code mixing is common to be identified in language users. Furthermore, YouTube as one of the online platforms has become an environment rich with the use of code mixing. Considering that YouTube might influence the language use in its audience, the following study aimed to analyze types of code mixing used and which code mixing type is mostly used by Nessie Judge on her mostviewed video entitled “LaguPopuler + PesanIblisTersembunyi?! | #Nerror”. Following the qualitative analysis research from Miles, Huberman, & Saldana (2014), the recent study identified the types of code mixing as presented by Hoffman namely, Intra-sentential code-mixing and Intra-lexical code-mixing. The present study identified the use of code-mixing type intra-sentential and -lexical uttered by the speaker. From 114 utterances made by Nessie Judge in her video, code-mixing was identified in 86 utterances, where 53 utterances belong to intra-sentential code mixing and 13 utterances belonged to intra-lexical code mixing. The analysis revealed that the use of code mixing might be rooted in the speakers’ inability to find the equivalent words while discussing the video content. By looking at the number of the data percentage, intra-sentential code mixing had more data than intra-lexical code mixing meaning thatthe use of intra-sentential code mixing was more common rather than intra-lexical code mixing. It can be concluded because the speaker in the video inserts English words at the end of sentences or in the middle of sentences most of the time. Speaker on the video was clearly seen mixed Indonesian word with English word without changing the structure or context of the sentences.


I. INTRODUCTION
Someone will be considered as bilingual if that person can master two different languages. Bilingual is proficient and can use two different languages. Further, if someone masters more than two languages, that person can be considered as multilingual. In learning the second language, people will meet code mixing phenomenon. Code mixing is a mixing of two codes of language without changing the topic (Nababan, 1993). This usually happens to people who have mastered two or more languages that communicate with those who speak the same variety of languages.
There are many adepts about code mixing explanation. According to (Nababan, 1993), code mixing is a mixing of two or more language or language variation that is used by speaker and it is due to informal and speaker habitual. Further, (Bhatia & Ritchie, 2002) argued that code mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units such as words, morpheme, phrases, modifiers, and clauses from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence. (Saputro, 2013) stated that the use of more than a language which mix two codes or more languages in discourse by speakers or writers is called code mixing. Based on syntactical patterns, there are three types of code mixing according to (Hoffman, 1991) such as; Intra-sentential code-mixing, Intra-lexical code-mixing, and Involving a change of pronunciation. First, intra-sentential code-mixing is the mixing occurred within a clause, a phrase, or a sentence. Second one is intra lexical, this mixing takes place within a word boundary. It can occur when there are affixes added to a word. The last one is involving a change of pronunciation. This mixing occurs at the phonological level. (Hanafiah et al., 2018) state that code mixing occurs when there is a contact between one language and another language, or from one code to another code. Such mixing usually occurs in an environment supporting multilingual speakers, such as in schools with multilingual approach, literatures, debates, and audio-visual media (Kurniati, 2014) (Sukrisna, 2019). However, the types of the code mixing occur in those settings vary from one to the other. For instance, Kurniati discovered that inner code mixing occurred in Nine Summer Ten Autumns Novel and interference in the conversation of the novel did not exist. Meanwhile, in debates analyzed by (Murtiningtyas, 2015), the result shows that there are only two types of code mixing namely insertion and alternation found in the debates. On the other hand, (Sukrisna, 2019) found that in Atta Halilintar's video YouTube channel, the lowest level was repetition word and idiom level and the dominant level was word level in the levels of code. Then, the lowest type was involving a change of pronunciation and the highest type was intra-sentential of code mixing in the types of code mixing. This shows that code mixing serves different purpose for bilingual or multilingual speakers.
The study conducted by (Sukrisna, 2019) highlights the popularity of using code mixing in Indonesia is also demonstrated by people who are famous in Indonesia. That makes there are more Indonesian people especially teenagers use code mixing in communication. Furthermore, this code mixing is increasingly popularized by famous people in Indonesia through social media such as; YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram providing more exposure for environment allowing the occurrence of code mixing for Indonesian. YouTube is the most accessed social media in Indonesia with around 132 million people Indonesian active users, were actively using YouTube in 2019. Furthermore, the large number of YouTube Indonesian video content creators using code mixing caused more and more people to follow this phenomenon.
As a popular content creator, Nessie Judge has 4.75 million subscribers. Such amount shows that many people are watching her video. She has been making and uploading videos in YouTube since 2012. On her channel, she has various contents such as; vlogging while she is traveling, reacting of something, telling history of something, and one of her best content is "Nerror". She called this content "Nerror" because in this content she tells, explains, and discusses conspiracy theories and mysterious events that occurred in the world. Preliminary observation revealed that Nessie Judge in most of her videos used code mixing. It is known because she usually mix Indonesian and English on her video. On her YouTube channel, she also said that she is fluent in Indonesian and English. Nessie Judge's specialization in conspiracy theories and mysterious events in the world requires her to present her content using code mixing. Thus, this study aimed to analyze types of code mixing used and which code mixing type is mostly used by Nessie Judge on her mostviewed video entitled "Lagu Populer + Pesan Iblis Tersembunyi?! | #Nerror" published at Feb 23, 2018. The study was expected to enrich the discussion regarding the use of code mixing outside language classroom, especially in online platforms.

II. METHODS
This study is a descriptive qualitative research following the model from Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014). The subject of this study was a video of Nessi Judge entitled "lagu POPULER + PESAN IBLIS TERSEMBUNYI?! | #NERROR". The object of this research was the use of code mixing by Nessi Judge in her video. The types of code mixing theory by Hoffman were used as grounded theory focusing on two types namely; Intra-sentential code-mixing and Intra-lexical code-mixing.
In data collection technique, after the video was downloaded, the researcher transcribe what Nessi Judge said in the video. The next step was doing the classification. The utterances in the transcript were separated into two classifications; those utterances which contained code-mixing and the utterances which did not contain code mixing. It was done in order to make it easier in analyzing the utterances which contained code mixing. The last step was classifying the utterances in the table for finding type of code mixing used. These steps were done to make the data could be analyzed immediately.
After collecting the data, those data were analyzed by deciding the type of code mixing which contained in each utterance. The data were entered in the table in order to make it easier in analyzing it. Then, percentage of all data will be showed in findings in order to know which type is mostly used by the speaker. In indicating the words as code mixing, the fonts were modified in the form of bold. In the end, the conclusion would be drawn after all classification and problem were done in order to conclude which type of code-mixing was mostly used by Nessi Judge.

III. RESEARCH RESULT
From the total 117 utterances in the video, 104 utterances contained intra-sentential code mixings and 13 utterances contained intralexical code mixings. Table 1 below displays the frequency of code mixings found in the video more comprehensively. Intra The total of code mixings identified in the video was 117. It consisted of 53 Intrasentential Code-mixing and 13 intra-lexical code mixing. The intra-sentential code mixing consisted of twenty-nine nouns, five verbs, seven adjectives, and twelve phrases. Meanwhile, the intra-lexical code mixings were identified in the use of Indonesian affixes. The first was the prefix di-which was identified six times, followed by the prefix me-which was identified four times, and the last one was the suffix nya-which was identified three times. Each type was described as follow.

Intra-Sentential Code Mixing
Intra-sentential code mixing happens within phrase and the word boundary (Hoffman, 1991). The present study revealed that intra-sentential code mixing was found in the form of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, phrases and compounds.

Noun
The present study identifiedintrasentential code-mixing uttered by the speaker in thenoun forms. The insertion of noun forms functioned as the object of sentences can be seen in the following examples.
(1) Siapkan popcorn ( (5) show intra-sentential in the form of noun uttered by the speaker. She inserted English nouns without changing the sentence structure of Indonesian. The identified nouns are 'popcorn, ' 'comment,' 'screen,' 'clone,' 'personality,' 'lifestyle,' and 'drugs'. This finding show that noun can serve as a subject of a verb, a complement (in certain cases) of a preposition, and can be changed by an adjective (Richard, 1985). Intra-sentential code mixing were also aimed to draw attention from the audiences (Rasyidah, 2015) as shown in examples (1) to (3) when the speaker intended her viewers to follow her instructions. Thus, in order to convince them, she tried to get their attention by mixing English nouns in her utterances such as 'popcorn', 'comment,' 'screen,' 'lifestyle' and 'drugs'. These sound more stylistic than their Indonesian forms which caused audiences paying attention to her. Code mixing was also functioned to soften the language (Savile-Troike, 1986). It can be seen in examples (4) to (5) where the speaker conveyed information about the artist. The information contained sensitive information such as conspiracy and speculation which is not necessarily be proven true.Due to the fact that English is not their native language, it is not as straightforward as Indonesian. Thus, to avoid strong statement, the speaker preferred to do code-mixing in the noun forms.

Verb
The second type of code-mixing uttered by the speaker is intra-sentential in the verb forms as can be seen as follow. Examples (6) to (8) show the insertion of English verbs in Indonesian sentence construction i.e. 'comment,' 'release,' and 'stop'. Code mixing in the form of verb insertion shows the speaker's ability in speaking in more than one language. It was shown through the use of infinitive form in giving command as seen in (6) and (7). However, she followed Indonesian grammatical rules in (8) where the verb 'release' supposed to be 'released' referring to the songs which had been released before the video was made. Considering that Indonesian structure does not have tenses to indicate the time (Alwi, Dardjowidjojo, Lapoliwa, &Moeliono, 2003;Iman, 2020), the speaker chose the verb 'release' since both the infinitive and the past tense have the same form in Indonesian. These verbs have Indonesian equivalent such as komentar 'comment,' berhenti 'stop', and rilis 'release'. However, although the verbs have Indonesian equivalent, the speaker keep uttering them in English. This finding show that the insertion of English in Indonesian utterances was seen to be more prestigious. Therefore, speakers tend to mix the languages in their utterances.

Adjective
The third type of code-mixing uttered by the speaker is intra-sentential in the adjective forms. The examples can be seen as follow. Examples (9) to (11) show the insertion of English adjectives in Indonesian sentence construction i.e. 'trending', 'favorite', and 'haunted'. Similar to the previous word insertions, the insertion of adjective also followed the congruent lexicalization referring to the proper alignment of the word being inserted and the syntactic structure as identified by Mulyajati (2017). The use of English adjectives in the speaker's utterance was aimed to communicate more effectively (Gumperz, 1982) as illustrated in the examples (9) to (10). The adjectives 'trending' and 'favorite' are terms that familiar to Indonesian people although they have Indonesian equivalent sedangngetren and kesukaan. Therefore, it will be easier for the audience to understand the information using the English terms instead of their Indonesian.

Phrase
The fourth type of code-mixing uttered by the speaker is intra-sentential in the phrase forms as can be seen in the following examples.
(12) hari ini kita akan ngomongin tentang back masking 'today we will talk about backmasking' (13) hal ini sering banget terjadi dalam music industry 'this happens very often in the music industry' (14) untuk menemukan secret message atau pesan rahasia di balik lagu-lagu mereka 'to find the secret message behind their songs' The insertion of English phrases in Indonesian utterances were found in examples (12) to (14). It was identified that the speaker mostly mix the language when mentioning noun phrase such as 'back masking,' 'secret message,' and 'music industry'. The phrase being inserted was syntactically proper since the phrase was placed after the noun being modified due to its functions is the same way as a noun in a sentence (Hornby, 2015). The use of inter-lexical code mixing in (12) was aimed to convey certain technical terms more effectively when the Indonesian equivalent sounds strange. The phrase 'backmasking' is equivalent with penutpbelakang in Indonesian however, it sounds unfamiliar to Indonesian people. Thus, the speaker preferred to use the phrase 'backmasking'. This finding corroborate the belief that the most commonly reported cause for bilingual or multilingual individuals to mix their languages is a lack of equivalent lexicon in their respective languages (Saville-Troike,1986). English-Indonesian bilinguals or multi-linguals will employ the corresponding English term when they encounters a term that does not exist and vice versa. If it was translated into Bahasa Indonesia, the meaning would be unclear or perhaps non-existent. In this regard, the technical topics are closely linked to English, and the topic itself might provide an opportunity to mix with English as in examples (12) and (13). Besides, example (14) revealed the repetition of the phrase in both languages i.e. 'secret message' and pesanrahasia. It was aimed to make the content of the speech more understandable for the audiences. The purpose of repeating is to not only clarify what has been said, but also to enhance or accentuate a point (Hoffman, 1991).

Intra-lexical Code Mixing
Intra-lexical takes place within a word boundary. It occurs due to the insertion of affixes of one language in a word of other's language. According to Chaer (2003), affix is an element which can change the meaning, types, and function of a basic form or basic word. Affixes are divided into four types, namely suffixes, infixes, prefixes, and circumfixes (Moeliono&Dardjowidjojo, 1997:81). Prefix is a group of letters that come at the beginning of a word. In contrast, suffix is a group of letters which come at the end of a word (Sosy, 2012). The examples of Indonesian prefix are me-, di-, ter-and the examples of Indonesian suffix are -an, -kan, and -nya.
In the video, Indonesian affixes are added to English word. It means that speaker mixed Indonesian affixes to English word. She inserted Indonesian affixes such as di-, me-, and -nya to English word. Further explanation can be seen as follow.

The Insertion of Indonesian prefixes
It was identified that the speaker inserted the prefix di-and me-in her utterances as seen in examples (15)  The insertion of Indonesian prefixes was found when the speaker uttered action in active and passive forms. The Indonesian prefix mein (15) and (16) combined with English verbs indicate active sentence where the subject of the sentence is the one who is doing an action for example, 'me-reverse' means 'to reverse' and 'me-release' means 'to release'. However, the prefix di-was used in passive sentence as in 'di-backmask' means 'being backmasked' and 'di-release' means 'being released'. In passive sentence construction, the subject of the sentence is the one who will be affected by the action as in (17) and (18). It was revealed that the speaker frequently inserted Indonesian prefixes in English verbs when talking about action both in active and passive construction. Those examples met the agreement in Indonesian grammar although the sentence was mixed. Therefore, it can be said that the speaker using consistent intra-lexical mixing along her speech.

The Insertion of Indonesian Suffix
The insertion of Indonesian suffix -nya was also identified in the present study as seen in examples (19) to (21).
(19) Karakter-karakternya menarik, storyline-nya lucu 'The characters are interesting, its storyline is funny' (20) Jangan lupa klik tombol subscribe-nya 'don't forget to click the subscribe's button' (21) Video dan lirik reverse-nya itu nyambung 'The video and lyrics that have been reversed are connected' The suffix -nya is attached at the end of the English verbs and nouns of the sentence as referral word. The use of the suffix -nya at the end of the root word can have the meaning of ownership as in (19) and (20). The 'storylinenya' means 'its storyline' refers to the storyline of the song being discussed in the video while the 'subscribe-nya' refers to the subscribe's button. In (21), the Indonesian suffix -nya in English verb 'reverse' indicates action that has been done. Therefore, the insertion of Indonesian suffix -nya¬ in English word functioned to indicate possessive pronoun and past event.

IV. DISCUSSION
The present study identified the use of code mixing type intra-sentential and -lexical uttered by the speaker. From those 86 utterances, there were 24 utterances which contain code mixing that became main data of this study. Meanwhile, there were 62 utterances left were considered as utterances which did not contain code mixing. Those 24 utterances had 31 code mixing that would be analyzed in this study.
There were 77% of entire code mixing data which were categorized into 48% intrasentential code mixing that has function as a noun in a sentence, 13% data as a verb function, 6% as an adjective function, 3% as an adverb function, 3% as a phrase function and 3% as a compound in the sentence that speaker produced. Meanwhile, there were 23% of entire code mixing data which were categorized into 10% Intra-lexical code-mixing (prefix di-), 6% 2 intra-lexical code mixing (prefix me-) and 6% intra-lexical code mixing (suffix -nya).
The insertions found in this research support the prior studies that conducted similar research as in Hanasfiah, Rantika, & Yusuf (2018), Mulyajati (2017), Syafryadin&Haryani (2020). It indicates that the speaker is a bilingual Indonesian-English which mentioned by Syafryadin&Haryani (2020) that the use of code mixing in form of word insertion shows the speaker's ability in speaking in more than one language. One of the proof is that the speaker placed nouns in appropriate position based on Indonesian grammar. Besides, it has been pointed out by Albakry and Hunter (2008) that speakers may modify the language used based on their cultural identities. The speakers alters the language of English in order to legitimize their own native language and, thus, their own culture.

V. CONCLUSION
This study was a descriptive qualitative study applying Hoffman's theory in analyzing the type of code mixing used by Nessie Judge on her YouTube channel video. There are only two types of code mixing which would be discussed in this study, those are intrasentential and intra-lexical. From those 117 utterances, 66 contained code mixing where 53 data of intra-sentential code mixing and 13 data of intra-lexical code. In intra-sentential code mixing, there were 77% of entire code mixing data which were categorized into 48% intrasentential code mixing that has function as a noun in a sentence, 13% data as a verb function, 6% as an adjective function, 3% as an adverb function, 3% as a phrase function and 3% as a compound in the sentence that speaker produced. Meanwhile, there were 23% of entire code mixing data which were categorized into 10% Intra-lexical code-mixing (prefix di-), 6% 2 intra-lexical code mixing (prefix me-) and 6% intra-lexical code mixing (suffix -nya). By looking at the number of the data percentage, intra-sentential code mixing had more data than intra-lexical code mixing. It means Nessie Judge was more often used intra-sentential code mixing rather than intra-lexical code mixing. It can be concluded because the speaker in the video inserts English words at the end of sentences or in the middle of sentences most of the time. Speaker on the video was clearly seen mixed Indonesian word with English word without changing the structure or context of the sentences.