Values of Life in The Wild Duck by Hendrik Ibsen

This study aims to analyze and discuss the values in Hendrik Ibsen’s The Wild Duck. The method used in this study is descriptive. The data are a drama entitled The Wild Duck (1959). A library research method is applied in collecting the data. Furthermore, the data is analyzed qualitatively. Based on the result of the analysis, it was revealed that there are five kinds of Values found in The Wild Duck which are Moral Value, Social Value, Personal Value, Spiritual Value and Family Value. The most presented type is a moral value, it is about honesty. Social value is about interaction with around, friendship, respect to each other, justice. A personal value is a personality. Spiritual is non-material, it means the values of truth, inner peace, righteousness, and non-violence and the last is family values are beliefs, function as a family, ideals.


I. INTRODUCTION
Literature is a author's reflection on life and livings. This is combined with the power of imagination and creativity supported by experience and observation. According to Klarer (2004:1) in most cases, literary works are referred to as whole written expressions, with the limitation that not all written documents can be categorized as literary works in a more precise sense. Furthermore, according to Goodman (1996:vii), a literature includes written forms that deliberately and creatively experiment with language to suggest images and ideas that engage the reader's imagination. Literature can then be said to be a creative written work by an author with aesthetic values that make literature considered an art.
Literature is a form of art. Literature can be a significant someone experiences and expression of someone nature. Literature is a creative art because we can express our ideas, feelings, and expressions. According to Wellek & Warren (1962) through its expressive side, literature conveys the attitude and tone of the author. He also wants to influence and persuade readers' attitudes and ultimately change readers. Literature also has an aesthetic value which refers to the characteristics of literature such as style, composition, and prepositional style in general (1962:23). Literature can be divided into fiction and non-fiction. Fiction is the story based on the unreality. Fiction consists of prose, poetry and drama. The drama is often called play, shows values. However, the values of the drama, for instance, Hendrik Ibsen's The Wild Duck is chosen to be analyzed because it has many values and it is very interesting to be discussed.
Some latest related studies carried out about The Wild Duck. Mathias (2016) conducted research about Symbolic Analysis of Character in Ibsen's The Wild Duck. The results of this study showed that the thing that fills [Ibsen's] mind is the male individual, and he measures the value of the community according to how it helps or hinders a person from being himself. He has the ideal standard which he places upon society and it is from this measure that his social criticism continues. Kusumawati (2017) also conducted a similar study which discusses the motives and manifestations of the main characters of The Wild Duck (Gregers Werle and Hjalmar Ekdal) have mental disorders that are presented in their behavior and thoughts. Gregers Werle has neurotic characteristics that are promoted in his personality. Her personality motive is excessive father domination which is depressed in her subconscious which makes her independent and persistent. Meanwhile, Hjalmar Ekdal has psychotic characteristics that are supported in his personality. His personality motive is to cover up the father's function which leads to a misleading life, and that makes him a foolish and selfish person.
Another similar study is also carried out by Baroud (2019) which analyze the tension between illusion and reality in H. Ibsen's The Wild Duck. The result revealed that in The Wild Duck, the priest is drunk, the soldier is broken, the idealist is mad, the doctor is ill. They have all sunk metaphorically into the bottom of the sea like the bird the wild duck. But having said that we have got the right to ask and ponder: how should we run our life, according to Gregers' Idealism or to Dr Relling's Realism. Neither, of course, is trustworthy. Of the two manipulators of the plot, the one is fanatic, neurotic, sadistic, and perhaps mad; the other is a drunkard and a disgrace to his profession. Life cannot be run according to either to absolute idealistic or realistic principles. Life is a dynamic process whose only reality is built on a kind of compromise or reconciliation between our desires and our own circumstances. Based on the background and the latest related study above, this study aims to discover the values in Hendrik Ibsen's The Wild Duck.

II. METHOD
This study applied a descriptive qualitative method in which the data are taken from a drama entitled The Wild Duck (1959) by Hendrik Ibsen. In collecting the data, the library research method is applied. The data collection was conducted by watching and reading the drama several times in order to get a suitable meaning that related to the topic. Furthermore, in analyzing the data, the data are classified and analyzed based on the theory of literature and theory of values. The theories of literature are proposed by Kenney (1966) about the element of fiction and Reaske (1984) about the structure of the plot. Meanwhile, the theories of psychology are proposed by Gulla (2010) about creating values in life, Audi (2007) about moral value, Leicester (2004) about a spiritual value and Wood & Leighton (2010) about social value.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Value means general, moral or oriental conceptions of the world or sometimes just attitudes, dispositions, needs, and preferences. This goal is considered valid and binding by society. They define what is important, valuable and worth fighting for. Sometimes, values have been interpreted as "the standard that determines the end of the action". Thus, value is a collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and appropriate or bad, unwanted and inappropriate in a culture. All of the values in Ibsen's The Wild Duck will be explained clearly as the following.

a. Moral Value
Ibsen's The Wild Duck offers the morality of love bravery, enthusiasm kindhearted, loyalty, peace-loving, and never giving up all of these moralities will be explained as the followings: i. Ekdal's family is a social family. They will be very pleased to give something to others. Gina is also a social person, she will be very pleased and very busy to cook for others though she will be very tired to make the best food for lunch together with her neighbour. It can be seen as the following:

c. Personal Value
The personal value system is basically based on two important aspects of life. One is external growth and the other is mental development. For a person external growth through material possessions, wealth, success, recognition and fame is more important than inner refinement through honesty, integrity, tolerance, sacrifice, gratitude and honesty. i.

Material possession and Wealth
Ibsen's The Wild Duck teaches us the values of wealth through the character of Old Werle. He is Gregers Werle's father, a former tradesman and business partner of Old Ekdal. He is a ruthless man, cold and interested only in financial gain. A wealthy industrialist who is responsible for the destruction of his former colleague, Old Ekdal, and his family. Werle has tried to make amends by becoming a provider of Ekdals. He also hides a liaison with Hjalmar's wife (Gina). A liaison that brings him to facilitate their marriage to avoid public scandal. On the other hand, Ekdal does not appear the tyrannical and perverse father. He is a man who would tidy up his affairs and maintain the suppression of the past at all costs. Just like Hedvig, he has eye problems that limit him from doing what he wants. It can be seen as the following quotation: Gregers (pointing to the back of the room Werle's biological daughter. Gina has got pregnant after having affair with Old Werle. She is a servant of Werle and after having the pregnancy, she stops to work there and Werle also gives some money to Hjalmar to build a business. Hjalmar is very happy to receive money from Old Werle. He is very excited to build a business till has no time for Hedvig. Here, Hedvig is a tragic character, an only child who is forced to live inside her house because of her illness. She is ignored by her parents and she has no friend around her. She gets attached to the wild duck in their attic. The wild duck becomes her friend and Hedvig confines and loves the duck more than anything. However, her attachment to the duck is not as strong as her desire to prove Hjalmar that she loves him. She decides to prove to Hjalmar that she loves him by killing the duck. However, when she heard that she is not the biological daughter of Hjalmar, kills herself instead of the duck. Just like Old Ekdal, Hedvig is a wild duck, she is wounded and a prisoner of her own home. For her, the only way to be free is through her death. It can be seen as the following quotation: Gregers. She wanted to sacrifice, for your sake, what she prized most in the world: because she believed it would make you love her again, Hjalmar. (Tenderly with emotion). Poor child! (Ibsen in Heffner, 1959: 425).

d. Spiritual Value
It refers to the importance we give to the immaterial aspects of our lives. It is part of our human need and allows us to feel fulfilled. That means the values of truth, inner peace, truth and nonviolence are found on all major spiritual paths. i.

e. Family Value
Family value is the values in the family and the things that are considered good or bad. This stems from the basic

IV. CONCLUSION
There are five values in analyzing a drama. Those are moral value, social value, personal value, spiritual value and family value. The values in Ibsen's The Wild Duck like learning for everybody. Moral values can be found by analyzing the treatment to others. Social values can be analyzed by a relationship in social life. Personal values can be analyzed by the character of a personal in literary work. Spiritual values can be analyzed by human needs and the last is family values can be analyzed by a relationship between others in its family. According to the analysis, it can be concluded that Ibsen's The Wild Duck teaches us the moral value by the attitude of giving of love, bravery, enthusiasm, kindhearted, loyalty, peace-loving, never giving up through his character in the drama. Ibsen's The Wild Duck teaches us the social values from the attitudes of his character in giving justice, honesty, giving back, contribution. Ibsen's The Wild Duck teaches us the personal values which are characterized by possession and wealth, integrity and sacrifice. Ibsen' The Wild Duck teaches us the spiritual values from his character through the attitudes of non-violence; Finally, Ibsen's The Wild Duck teaches us the family value by the life of the family in his character trough beliefs, function and ideal. The value of life is an overall view of self, words, human action according to the situation and also attitudes. The values of life and human life are usually influenced by input from outside himself since childhood. Norms or traditions prevailing in the community. Norms prevailing in a community are usually shared heritage, means all members of the community approves and practice. From the above Ibsen's The Wild Duck teaches us a lot of values which are useful for our life. Ibsen gives the messages through His character in the drama.