The Effect of Calcium Soap Supplementation in Feed on Histology of Native Chicken Meat
Keywords:
native chicken, calcium soap, histology of meatAbstract
This study aims to examine the effects of adding calcium soap (CA-PFAD) to the diet on the histology of meat from native chickens aged 12 weeks. This research took place for 6 weeks at the Sesetan Farm barn, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, located on Jalan Raya Sesetan, Gang Markisa, Denpasar, Bali. The design used was a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with four treatments and six replications, so there were 24 experimental units. Each experimental unit used 3 chickens aged 6 weeks with a body weight of 662.85 ± 21.02 g. The four treatments were levels of calcium soap in ratios of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% respectively, for treatments A, B, C, and D. Variables observed included: histology of meat. The results of the study showed that the addition of calcium soap had a significant effect (P<0.05) on epimysium, perimysium of Balitbangtan superior village chickens (KUB), and reduced fat levels in endomysium chest muscle connective tissue of KUB chicken. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the addition of calcium soap in the ration at levels of 2% can increase the thickness of the epimysium and perimysium and reduce the thickness of the endomysium in KUB chickens. Based on the results of this study, it can be recommended to farmers and future researchers that adding 2% calcium soap to the feed can increase the thickness of the epimysium and perimysium of KUB chickens.
References
[1] Syaikhullah, G., Khasanah, H., Muhamad, N., Awaludin, A., & Kusuma, S. B. (2024). The effect of commercial feeding with different brands on the physical quality of Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) chicken meat. Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia, 26(2), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.25077/jpi.26.2.53-59.2024.
[2] Mustari, Afrina, Md. Iqramul Haque, Samia Rashid, Md Sabbir Khan, Mahabub Alam, Mohammad Alam Miah, Md. Abul Kalam Azad and Emdadul Hauqe Chowdhury. 2025. “Comparative Assessment of Growth Performance and Meat Quality in Water Hyacinth and Antibiotic (Growth Promoter) Supplemented Broilers.” Poultry Science 104(6):105105. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2025.105105.
[3] Zhang, Y., Huang, M., Shao, X., Zhang, F., Li, Z., Bai, Y., Xu, X., Wang, P., and Zhao, T. (2023). Insights into intramuscular connective tissue associated with wooden breast myopathy in fast-growing broiler chickens. Foods, 12(12), 2375. DOI: 10.3390/foods12122375.
[4] Abbas, H. A., and N. A. Al-Mamoori. 2025. “Age Effects on Muscle-Related Gene Expression and Glycogen Levels in Broiler Chickens (Gallus Gallus Domesticus).” Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 39(3):617–25. doi:10.33899/ijvs.2025.158002.4168.
[5] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2025). Indonesian permanent estate crops statistics 2024 (Palm oil, coffee, cocoa, rubber, tea, and strategic estate crops commodities). BPS Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved August 29, 2025, from https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2025/08/29/8d2a6ab3510f9828daf73191/statistik-tanaman-perkebunan-tahunan-indonesia-2024-kelapa-sawit-kopi-kakao-karet-teh-dan-komoditas-perkebunan-unggulan-.html.
[6] Salu, M., Lisnahan, C. V., & Nahak, O. R. (2021). Effect of calcium level in feed on the blood profile of broiler chicken. Journal of Tropical Animal Science and Technology, 3(2), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.32938/jtast.v3i2.1205.
[7] Kanner, J. (2022). Reactivity of vitamin E as an antioxidant in red meat and the stomach medium. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 70(38), 12172–12179. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03674.
[8] Budiarta, I. K., Puspani, E., & Candrawati, D. P. M. A. (2022). Effect of calcium soap supplementation in the diet on the digestive system of male Bali ducks aged 2–8 weeks. Jurnal Peternakan Tropika, 11(1),159-174.
[9] Kettrukat, T., J. S. Petersen, E. Grochowska, and M. Therkildsen. 2025. “Effects of the Early Incubation Temperature on the Muscle Physiology, Meat Quality, Bone Strength, and Gait Score in Ross Broilers.” British Poultry Science 66(3):401–12. doi:10.1080/00071668.2024.2419614.
[10] Suamba, A. A. A. A., Bidura, I. G. N. G., Siti, N. W., & Puspani, E. (2024). The addition of calcium soap to the ration on the performance, carcass, and abdominal fat of native chickens. Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology, 10(2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.53022/oarjst.2024.10.2.0053 .
[11] Singh, R., & Patel, M. (2023). The use of Duncan’s multiple range test as a post hoc analysis after anova in animal science studies. Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 14(3), 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/12345678.2023.1912345.
[12] Kriangwanich, Wannapimol, Promporn Piboon, Wirakorn Sakorn, Kittisak Buddhachat, Varankpicha Kochagul, Kidsadagon Pringproa, Supamit Mekchay, and Korakot Nganvongpanit. 2021. “Consistency of Dark Skeletal Muscles in Thai Native Black-Bone Chickens ( Gallus Gallus Domesticus ).” PeerJ 9:e10728. doi:10.7717/peerj 10728.
[13] Bian, T., Xing, T., Zhao, X., and Xu, X. (2024). Effects of wooden breast myopathy on meat quality characteristics of broiler pectoralis major muscle and its changes with intramuscular connective tissue. Foods, 13(4), 507. DOI: 10.3390/foods13040507.
[14] Spano, Jacquelyn, Laarni Demchak, Kayo Nakano, Tina Conti, Jason Heikenfeld, and Carlos Milla. 2025. “Investigation of Effects of Collection Conditions on Amino Acid Concentrations in Sweat and Correlations with Their Circulating Levels in Plasma.” Scientific Reports 15(1):23198. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05051-8.
[15] Adjei-Mensah, B., O. Oso, E. Oke, T. T. Kuka, P. Sasu, R. K. Agbehadzi, C. C. Atuahene, A. Donkoh, J. A. Hamidu, and K. Tona. 2025. “Hypocholesterolemic Potentials of Garlic on the Lipid Profile of Poultry Birds and Poultry Products: A Review.” Journal of Applied Poultry Research 34(2):100509. doi:10.1016/j.japr.2024.100509.
[16] Chang, Cheng, Weiyu Zhao, Qianqian Zhang, Xuan Wang, Jian Zhang, Zhixun Yan, Jing Cao, Huagui Liu, and Ailian Geng. 2024. “Dietary Crude Protein and Lysine Levels Affect Meat Quality and Myofiber Characteristic of Slow-Growing Chicken.” Animals 14(14). doi:10.3390/ani14142068.
[17] Roy, B. C., and Bruce, H. L. (2023). Contribution of intramuscular connective tissue and its structural components on meat tenderness – revisited: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 64(25), 1–31. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2211671.
[18] Shukla, Mansi, and S. K. Karmore. 2023. “Comparative Age-Related Histological Observations on Bursa of Fabricius of Kadaknath and Narmada Nidhi Birds.” Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 93(5):437–41. doi:10.56093/ijans.v93i5.134244.
[19] Wohlgemuth, Ross P., Sarah E. Brashear, and Lucas R. Smith. 2023. “Alignment, Cross Linking, and beyond: A Collagen Architect’s Guide to the Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix.” American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 325(4): C1017–30. doi:10.1152/ajpcell 00287.2023.
[20] Zhu, X., Puolanne, E., and Ertbjerg, P. (2023). Changes of raw texture, intramuscular connective tissue properties and collagen profiles in broiler wooden breast during early storage. Foods, 12(7), 1530. DOI: 10.3390/foods12071530.
